Promised natural language processing annotations

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the invention include a computer-implemented method for generating promise identifiers for documents. Aspects include processing a document including a reference, wherein processing includes performing natural language processing (NLP) the document, and identifying the reference included in the document. Aspects also include generating a promise identifier for the reference in the document, and responsive to processing the document, resolving the promise identifier for the reference by providing data of the reference associated with the promise identifier. Aspects of the invention also include a computer program product and system for generating promise identifiers for documents.

BACKGROUND

The present invention generally relates to natural language processing, and more specifically, to generating promised natural language processing (NLP) annotations.

Natural language processing is a field of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics concerned with the interactions between computers and human (natural) languages. As such, NLP is often involved with natural language understanding, i.e. enabling computers to derive meaning from human or natural language input, and natural language generation.

NLP mechanisms generally perform one or more types of lexical or dependency parsing analysis including morphological analysis, syntactical analysis or parsing, semantic analysis, pragmatic analysis, or other types of analysis directed to understanding textual content. In morphological analysis, the NLP mechanisms analyze individual words and punctuation to determine the part of speech associated with the words. In syntactical analysis or parsing, the NLP mechanisms determine the sentence constituents and the hierarchical sentence structure using word order, number agreement, case agreement, and/or grammar. In semantic analysis, the NLP mechanisms determine the meaning of the sentence from extracted clues within the textual content. With many sentences being ambiguous, the NLP mechanisms may look to the specific actions being performed on specific objects within the textual content. Finally, in pragmatic analysis, the NLP mechanisms determine an actual meaning and intention in context (of a speaker, of a previous sentence, etc.). These are only some aspects of NLP mechanisms. Many different types of NLP mechanisms exist that perform various types of analysis to attempt to convert natural language input into a machine understandable set of data.

Modern NLP algorithms are based on machine learning, especially statistical machine learning. The paradigm of machine learning is different from that of most prior attempts at language processing in prior implementations of language-processing tasks typically involved the direct hand coding of large sets of rules, whereas the machine-learning paradigm calls instead for using general learning algorithms (often, although not always, grounded in statistical inference) to automatically learn such rules through the analysis of large corpora of typical real-world examples. A corpus (plural, “corpora”) is a set of documents (or sometimes, individual sentences) that have been hand-annotated with the correct values to be learned.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to generating promised NLP annotations. A non-limiting example computer-implemented method includes processing a document including a reference, wherein processing includes performing natural language processing (NLP) on the document, and identifying the reference included in the document. The computer-implemented method also includes generating a promise identifier for the reference in the document, and responsive to processing the document, resolving the promise identifier for the reference by providing data of the reference associated with the promise identifier.

Other embodiments of the present invention implement features of the above-described method in computer systems and computer program products.

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to generating promised NLP annotations. A non-limiting example computer-implemented method includes processing a document including a plurality of references, wherein processing includes natural language processing (NLP) the document, and identifying a first reference of the plurality of references included in the document. The computer-implemented method also includes generating a first promise identifier for the first reference in the document, and resolving the first promise identifier for the first reference by providing data of the first reference associated with the first promise identifier.

Other embodiments of the present invention implement features of the above-described method in computer program products.

Additional technical features and benefits are realized through the techniques of the present invention. Embodiments and aspects of the invention are described in detail herein and are considered a part of the claimed subject matter. For a better understanding, refer to the detailed description and to the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The specifics of the exclusive rights described herein are particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The foregoing and other features and advantages of the embodiments of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 depicts an example document that is processed using techniques for generating NLP annotations in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of a system for generating promise NLP annotations in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3 depicts a flow diagram of a process for generating promise NLP annotations in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of a system for generating promise NLP annotations in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 5 depicts a flow diagram of a process for generating promise NLP annotations in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 6 depicts a cloud computing environment according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 7 depicts abstraction model layers according to one or more embodiments of the present invention; and

FIG. 8 depicts a processing system for implementing one or more embodiments of the present invention.

The diagrams depicted herein are illustrative. There can be many variations to the diagrams or the operations described therein without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance, the actions can be performed in a differing order or actions can be added, deleted, or modified. Also, the term “coupled” and variations thereof describe having a communications path between two elements and do not imply a direct connection between the elements with no intervening elements/connections between them. All of these variations are considered a part of the specification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more embodiments of the present invention provide an NLP engine and/or a pre-processing engine that is configured to identify references and its associated content within a document. This enables an end-user or downstream process to identify references and obtain the content associated with the identified references that are pertinent to the document without any manual intervention by the end-user.

Oftentimes documents include references to supplemental information such as appendices or footnotes other references that contain important information within the text of the document. If an end-user is interested in the additional information, the end-user would be required to manually locate the references and extract the relevant content from the references. This can increase the amount of time for the end-user to retrieve the critical parts of the documents and process the information.

One or more embodiments of the present invention address one or more of the above-described shortcomings of the prior art by providing techniques to automatically match the content associated with the identified references that are found within the document.

Turning now to FIG. 1, a framework 100 is generally shown in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention. An example document 102 that is processed by the techniques of the invention described herein. As shown, the document 102 includes a plurality of pages. On page 1 of the document 102, an Appendix A is referenced in the text of the document 102 and the Appendix A itself can be found on page 11 of the document 102. Appendix A includes additional or supplemental information related to the content.

When the document 102 is processed by an NLP engine (such as that shown in FIG. 2), and when a reference to Appendix A is found, a promise context identifier or place holder is generated. The references of the document 102 are connected to the content within those references through promise identifiers which are resolved by the NLP engine.

In a non-limiting example, a promise context 104 can also include information in addition to the promise context identifier, the reference/reference type; a Span of Text; Other Attributes; Side Effects; etc. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the references/reference types can include footnotes, appendices, or other supplemental information. As shown in the non-limiting example, the text refers to appendix A which includes additional information. Conventional NLP systems do not resolve the information and return the information associated with the Appendix A to the end-user application. The information can provide important insights to the end-user.

Regarding the span of text, the document 102 states, “ . . . . As noted in Appendix A, the patient's three prior chemotherapy agent treatments may have affected their liver.” The conventional systems are not configured to obtain the specific information associated with reference from Appendix A. The techniques described herein will match the treatments that are provided in the Appendix A at the end of the document 102.

Upon the completion of the processing of the document 102, information associated with the reference can be provided to an end-user or other downstream application. As shown in the final result 106, the “Promise Result” field has been populated to provide the resolved information associated with the Appendix A to an end-user or downstream application. In this non-limiting example, the patient's prior chemotherapy agents are revealed. The agents include methotrexate, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, and paclitaxel. This information may be used by the end-user and provide information that allows for a more accurate assessment of the patient.

Without this feature, the end-user is not provided the information and content associated with Appendix A. The end-user would be required to manually locate the references and obtain the relevant information from the document. In addition, other attributes can be collected and provided to the end-user system. The techniques described herein enable the NLP to efficiently identify the references and its relevant content in the document and provide the relevant information to the user.

FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of a system 200 in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Embodiments of the invention can receive the documents 202 from various sources such as an upstream process or processor or some other external source (not shown). The document 202 is provided to the NLP engine 204 which is configured to process the document 202 and is configured to identify the reference(s) within the document 202. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the references can include a reference to a footnote, appendix, or any other type of supplemental information that is provided within the document 202.

The NLP engine 204 can identify certain keywords identifying a reference such as an appendix, addendum, etc. The NLP engine 204 can also identify a format such as superscript text indicating footnotes or other types of references. It should be understood that other techniques may be used to identify the references that are in the document.

The NLP engine 204 is configured to generate an identifier, referred to as a promise context identifier, which serves as a placeholder that refers to a reference that should be resolved and returned to the user. In the event a reference is identified, a placeholder is generated. As the NLP engine 204 continues to analyze the document and processes the references that are referred to previously in the document, the associated content is matched to the promise identifier. The promise identifier and content are provided to the end-user 206 or downstream process.

FIG. 3 depicts a flowchart of a method 300 for generating a promise context identifier in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The method 300 can be performed by a system 200 such as that shown in FIG. 2. The method 300 begins at block 302 and proceeds to block 304 which processes, a document including a reference, wherein processing includes performing natural language processing (NLP) on the document. In one or more embodiments, the reference can include but is not limited to a footnote, appendix, or supplemental information within the document. Block 306 identifies the reference included in the document. The NLP is configured to identify keywords or a format the indicates that a reference is included in the document. Block 308 generates a promise identifier for the reference in the document. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the processor generates a promise identifier, which is a placeholder, that will be associated with data associated with the reference. Block 310 resolves, responsive to processing the document, the promise identifier for the reference by providing data of the reference associated with the promise identifier. The processor resolves the promise identifier by matching the data referred to by the reference and the promise context identifier. For example, in FIG. 1, promise ID (promise context identifier) “a48b7327-8993-4d9f-afe8-f537afa422d3”, for appendix A is matched with the data “Methotrexate”, “Mitoxantrone”, “Oxaliplatin”, “Paclitaxel.” The method 300 ends at block 312. It should be understood that additional steps or a different sequence steps can be used and is not intended to be limited by the steps of FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of a system 400 for pre-processing the documents in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. A document 402 is received. The document 402 can be the document 102 shown in FIG. 1. The NLP pre-processing engine 404 is configured to identify reference prior to sending any requests to the NLP engine 406 to continue processing the document.

Responsive to resolving the reference, the process flow is returned to the pre-processing engine 404 to identify any subsequent reference in the document 402. If such a reference exists, it is then resolved by the NLP engine 406, and the process flow returns to the pre-processing engine 404. If no other subsequent references are identified in the document 402, the promised ID and the associated information is provided to the end-user 408 or other downstream process. The associated information can include information such as that shown in the Final Result 106 of FIG. 1. In other embodiments of the invention, the process flow can immediately provide the data to the end-user 408 which can reduce the delay in delivering the information to its destination.

In the event other references exist in the document 402 and are located by the pre-processing engine 404 in the document 402, the process flow passes to the NLP engine 406 to resolve the promise ID. The process flow continues between the processing engine 404 and the NLP engine 406 until each reference in the document 402 has been resolved.

FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of a method 500 for generating promise NLP annotations in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the promise context identifiers are generated using a pre-processing engine 404 such as that shown in FIG. 4.

The method 500 begins at block 502 and proceeds to block 504 which provides for processing, by a processor, a document comprising a plurality of references, wherein processing includes performing NLP on the document. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the document is processed at a pre-processing engine 404 and then subsequently processed and resolved by an NLP engine 406.

Block 506 identifies, by the pre-processing engine 404, a first reference of the plurality of references included in the document. Block 508 generates, by the pre-processing engine 404, a first promise identifier for the first reference in the document. Responsive to generating the first promise identifier, it is provided to the NLP processor 406. Block 510 resolves, by an NLP processor 406, the first promise identifier for the first reference by providing data of the first reference associated with the first promise identifier. Block 512 provides responsive to resolving the first promise identifier, processing subsequent references in the document.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the processing of the subsequent references includes identifying and generating a subsequent promise identifier for the subsequent reference in the document by the pre-processing engine 404, resolving the subsequent promise identifier for the subsequent reference, using the NLP engine 406, by providing data of the subsequent reference associated with the subsequent promise identifier. The process is repeated until each reference in the document has been resolved. The method 500 ends at block 514. It should be understood that additional steps or a different sequence steps can be used and is not intended to be limited by the steps of FIG. 5.

The technical benefits and effects include identifying references presented within a document and resolving the currently available information that is associated with the reference. NLP resolving the references within the document.

It is to be understood that although this disclosure includes a detailed description on cloud computing, implementation of the teachings recited herein are not limited to a cloud computing environment. Rather, embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed.

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing, memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or interaction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may include at least five characteristics, at least three service models, and at least four deployment models.

Characteristics are as follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with the service's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

Service Models are as follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure that includes a network of interconnected nodes.

Referring now to FIG. 6, illustrative cloud computing environment 50 is depicted. As shown, cloud computing environment 50 includes one or more cloud computing nodes 10 with which local computing devices used by cloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA) or cellular telephone 54A, desktop computer 54B, laptop computer 54C, and/or automobile computer system 54N may communicate. Nodes 10 may communicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physically or virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community, Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combination thereof. This allows cloud computing environment 50 to offer infrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloud consumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computing device. It is understood that the types of computing devices 54A-N shown in FIG. 6 are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes 10 and cloud computing environment 50 can communicate with any type of computerized device over any type of network and/or network addressable connection (e.g., using a web browser).

Referring now to FIG. 7, a set of functional abstraction layers provided by cloud computing environment 50 (FIG. 6) is shown. It should be understood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shown in FIG. 7 are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of the invention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers and corresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and software components. Examples of hardware components include: mainframes 61; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture based servers 62; servers 63; blade servers 64; storage devices 65; and networks and networking components 66. In some embodiments, software components include network application server software 67 and database software 68.

Virtualization layer 70 provides an abstraction layer from which the following examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers 71; virtual storage 72; virtual networks 73, including virtual private networks; virtual applications and operating systems 74; and virtual clients 75.

In one example, management layer 80 may provide the functions described below. Resource provisioning 81 provides dynamic procurement of computing resources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks within the cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing 82 provide cost tracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computing environment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of these resources. In one example, these resources may include application software licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloud consumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources. User portal 83 provides access to the cloud computing environment for consumers and system administrators. Service level management 84 provides cloud computing resource allocation and management such that required service levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning and fulfillment 85 provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloud computing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated in accordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 90 provides examples of functionality for which the cloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads and functions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping and navigation 91; software development and lifecycle management 92; virtual classroom education delivery 93; data analytics processing 94; transaction processing 95; and NLP 96.

It is understood that one or more embodiments of the present invention are capable of being implemented in conjunction with any other type of computing environment now known or later developed. For example, FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram of a processing system 800 for implementing the techniques described herein. In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present invention, system 800 is an example of a cloud computing node 10 of FIG. 6.

Referring to FIG. 8, there is shown an embodiment of a processing system 800 for implementing the teachings herein. In this embodiment, the system 800 has one or more central processing units (processors) 801 a, 801 b, 801 c, etc. (collectively or generically referred to as processor(s) 801). In one embodiment, each processor 801 may include a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. Processors 801 are coupled to system memory 814 and various other components via a system bus 813. Read only memory (ROM) 802 is coupled to the system bus 813 and may include a basic input/output system (BIOS), which controls certain basic functions of system 800.

FIG. 8 further depicts an input/output (I/O) adapter 807 and a network adapter 806 coupled to the system bus 813. I/O adapter 807 may be a small computer system interface (SCSI) adapter that communicates with a hard disk 803 and/or tape storage drive 805 or any other similar component. I/O adapter 807, hard disk 803, and tape storage device 805 are collectively referred to herein as mass storage 804. Operating system 820 for execution on the processing system 800 may be stored in mass storage 804. A network adapter 806 interconnects bus 813 with an outside network 816 enabling data processing system 800 to communicate with other such systems. A screen (e.g., a display monitor) 815 is connected to system bus 813 by display adaptor 812, which may include a graphics adapter to improve the performance of graphics intensive applications and a video controller. In one embodiment, adapters 807, 806, and 812 may be connected to one or more I/O busses that are connected to system bus 813 via an intermediate bus bridge (not shown). Suitable I/O buses for connecting peripheral devices such as hard disk controllers, network adapters, and graphics adapters typically include common protocols, such as the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI). Additional input/output devices are shown as connected to system bus 813 via user interface adapter 808 and display adapter 812. A keyboard 809, mouse 810, and speaker 811 all interconnected to bus 813 via user interface adapter 808, which may include, for example, a Super I/O chip integrating multiple device adapters into a single integrated circuit.

In exemplary embodiments, the processing system 800 includes a graphics processing unit 830. Graphics processing unit 830 is a specialized electronic circuit designed to manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display. In general, graphics processing unit 830 is very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing, and has a highly parallel structure that makes it more effective than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel.

Thus, as configured in FIG. 8, the system 800 includes processing capability in the form of processors 801, storage capability including system memory 814 and mass storage 804, input means such as keyboard 809 and mouse 810, and output capability including speaker 811 and display 815. In one embodiment, a portion of system memory 814 and mass storage 804 collectively store an operating system to coordinate the functions of the various components shown in FIG. 8.

Various embodiments of the invention are described herein with reference to the related drawings. Alternative embodiments of the invention can be devised without departing from the scope of this invention. Various connections and positional relationships (e.g., over, below, adjacent, etc.) are set forth between elements in the following description and in the drawings. These connections and/or positional relationships, unless specified otherwise, can be direct or indirect, and the present invention is not intended to be limiting in this respect. Accordingly, a coupling of entities can refer to either a direct or an indirect coupling, and a positional relationship between entities can be a direct or indirect positional relationship. Moreover, the various tasks and process steps described herein can be incorporated into a more comprehensive procedure or process having additional steps or functionality not described in detail herein.

One or more of the methods described herein can be implemented with any or a combination of the following technologies, which are each well known in the art: a discrete logic circuit(s) having logic gates for implementing logic functions upon data signals, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) having appropriate combinational logic gates, a programmable gate array(s) (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc.

For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to making and using aspects of the invention may or may not be described in detail herein. In particular, various aspects of computing systems and specific computer programs to implement the various technical features described herein are well known. Accordingly, in the interest of brevity, many conventional implementation details are only mentioned briefly herein or are omitted entirely without providing the well-known system and/or process details.

In some embodiments, various functions or acts can take place at a given location and/or in connection with the operation of one or more apparatuses or systems. In some embodiments, a portion of a given function or act can be performed at a first device or location, and the remainder of the function or act can be performed at one or more additional devices or locations.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, element components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The present disclosure has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the disclosure and the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

The diagrams depicted herein are illustrative. There can be many variations to the diagram or the steps (or operations) described therein without departing from the spirit of the disclosure. For instance, the actions can be performed in a differing order or actions can be added, deleted or modified. Also, the term “coupled” describes having a signal path between two elements and does not imply a direct connection between the elements with no intervening elements/connections therebetween. All of these variations are considered a part of the present disclosure.

The following definitions and abbreviations are to be used for the interpretation of the claims and the specification. As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus.

Additionally, the term “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs. The terms “at least one” and “one or more” are understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to one, i.e. one, two, three, four, etc. The terms “a plurality” are understood to include any integer number greater than or equal to two, i.e. two, three, four, five, etc. The term “connection” can include both an indirect “connection” and a direct “connection.”

The terms “about,” “substantially,” “approximately,” and variations thereof, are intended to include the degree of error associated with measurement of the particular quantity based upon the equipment available at the time of filing the application. For example, “about” can include a range of ±8% or 5%, or 2% of a given value.

The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instruction by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments described herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method using promise identifiers for documents, the computer-implemented method comprising: processing, by a processor, a document comprising a reference, wherein processing comprises natural language processing (NLP) the document; identifying, by the processor, the reference included in the document; generating, by the processor, a promise identifier for the reference in the document; and responsive to processing the document, resolving, by the processor, the promise identifier for the reference by providing data of the reference associated with the promise identifier.
 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the reference is at least one of a footnote, appendix, or supplemental information within the document.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising identifying a plurality of references in the document.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, further comprising responsive to identifying the plurality of references, generating a promise identifier for each of the plurality of references.
 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, wherein the promise identifier for each of the plurality of references in the document is generated prior to resolving any of the promise identifiers for the plurality of references.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising displaying a span of text including the promise identifier.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising displaying the data of the reference associated with the promise identifier.
 8. A system comprising: natural language processing (NLP) engine; a memory having computer readable instructions; and one or more processors for executing the computer readable instructions, the computer readable instructions controlling the one or more processors to perform operations comprising: processing a document comprising a reference, wherein processing comprises natural language processing (NLP) the document; identifying the reference included in the document; generating a promise identifier for the reference in the document; and responsive to processing the document, resolving the promise identifier for the reference by providing data of the reference associated with the promise identifier.
 9. The system of claim 8, wherein the reference is at least one of a footnote, appendix, or supplemental information within the document.
 10. The system of claim 8, further comprising identifying a plurality of references in the document.
 11. The system of claim 10, further comprising responsive to identifying the plurality of references, generating a promise identifier for each of the plurality of references.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the promise identifier for each of the plurality of references in the document is generated prior to resolving any of the promise identifiers for the plurality of references.
 13. The system of claim 8, further comprising displaying a span of text including the promise identifier.
 14. The system of claim 8, further comprising displaying the data of the reference associated with the promise identifier.
 15. A computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions executable by a processor to cause the processor to perform operations comprising: processing, by a processor, a document comprising a reference, wherein processing comprises natural language processing (NLP) the document, wherein the reference is at least one of a footnote, appendix, or supplemental information within the document; identifying, by the processor, the reference included in the document; generating, by the processor, a promise identifier for the reference in the document; and responsive to processing the document, resolving, by the processor, the promise identifier for the reference by providing data of the reference associated with the promise identifier.
 16. The computer program product of claim 15, further comprising identifying a plurality of references in the document.
 17. The computer program product of claim 16, further comprising responsive to identifying the plurality of references, generating a promise identifier for each of the plurality of references.
 18. The computer program product of claim 17, wherein the promise identifier for each of the plurality of references in the document is generated prior to resolving any of the promise identifiers for the plurality of references.
 19. The computer program product of claim 15, further comprising displaying a span of text including the promise identifier; and displaying the data of the reference associated with the promise identifier.
 20. A computer-implemented method using promise identifiers for documents, the computer-implemented method comprising: processing, by a processor, a document comprising a plurality of references, wherein processing comprises natural language processing (NLP) the document; identifying, by the processor, a first reference of the plurality of references included in the document; generating, by the processor, a first promise identifier for the first reference in the document; and resolving, by the processor, the first promise identifier for the first reference by providing data of the first reference associated with the first promise identifier.
 21. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, responsive to resolving the first promise identifier, identifying a subsequent reference included in the document; generating a subsequent promise identifier for the subsequent reference in the document; and resolving the subsequent promise identifier for the subsequent reference by providing data of the subsequent reference associated with the subsequent promise identifier.
 22. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, wherein the reference is at least one of a footnote, appendix, or supplemental information within the document.
 23. The computer-implemented method of claim 20, further comprising displaying a span of text including the promise identifier; and displaying the data of the reference associated with the promise identifier.
 24. A computer program product using promise identifiers for documents, the computer-implemented method comprising: processing, by a processor, a document comprising a plurality of references, wherein processing comprises natural language processing (NLP) the document, wherein the reference is at least one of a footnote, appendix, or supplemental information within the document; identifying, by the processor, a first reference of the plurality of references included in the document; generating, by the processor, a first promise identifier for the first reference in the document; and resolving, by the processor, the first promise identifier for the first reference by providing data of the first reference associated with the first promise identifier.
 25. The computer program product of claim 24, responsive to resolving the first promise identifier, identifying a subsequent reference included in the document; generating a subsequent promise identifier for the subsequent reference in the document; and resolving the subsequent promise identifier for the subsequent reference by providing data of the subsequent reference associated with the subsequent promise identifier. 